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Farmer led extension, Market led extension and Expert System in extension.

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 The participatory and bottom-up extension approach where farmers, rather than professional extensionists or researchers have acted as principal agents of change in rural communities for livelihood security and poverty alleviation through the formation of farmers' organizations. Steps of promoting farmer-led extension 1. Identification of innovative farmer-extension agents 2. Group formation 3. Capacity building 4. Promotion of farmers participatory research and extension programs for location-specific technology development 5. Farmer groups are to be equipped with market intelligence and ICT for access to market information Farmer-led extension: The changing role of farmer • Beneficiary • Facilitator • Decision Maker • Manager • Executor Concept of Farmers Field Schools (FFS): • The Farmer Field School is evolved from the concept that farmers learn optimally from field observation and experimentation in 1989 (Indonesia). • In this cyclical learning process, farmers develop the exp...
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Rural Development through Information Communication Technology

 1. ITCs e-Choupal, Madhya Pradesh: The e-choupal initiative—whereby a choupal is equipped with a computer and Internet connectivity—is the brainchild of a large agricultural processing company in India, the Indian Tobacco Company (ITC). 2. Warna wired Village Project, Maharashtra: The project aims in fact at giving villagers access to information in the local language about crops and agricultural market prices, employment schemes from the government of Maharashtra, and educational opportunities. The primary objective of the Wired Village project is to demonstrate the effective use of information technology infrastructure in the accelerated socio-economic development of villages around Warna Nagar in the Kolhapur and Sangli districts of the state of Maharashtra. 3. KCC (Kisan Credit Card): is a credit delivery mechanism that is aimed at enabling farmers to have quick and timely access to affordable credit. It was launched in 1998 by the Reserve Bank of India and NABARD. 4. The info...
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Privatization of Extension and Cyber Extension

 Concept of Privatisation Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural areas & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organizations for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services. (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980) ❖ The process of funding and delivering the extension services by a private individual or the organization is called Private Extension ❖ Privatization is the act of reducing the role of government or increasing the role of the private sector in an activity or in the ownership of assets ❖ Services rendered in the area of agriculture and allied aspects by extension personnel working in private agencies or organizations for which farmers are expected to pay a fee (or free) and it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension servicesǁ. 1. Extension worker: Farmers ratio-1:1000 2. Inability to reach all farmers 3. Ineffective...
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National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), (2006):

 The Basic Role: Give the agricultural research and technology development system an explicit development and business perspective through innovative models. In other words, the agricultural research system should be able to support agriculture as a business venture and also as a means of security of livelihood of the rural Indian while maintaining excellence in science. Make the National Agricultural Research System a 'pluralistic' system where every organization has a stake in agricultural research: public, private, or civil society, has to play a role. Working in well-defined partnership groups with clear common goals and understanding of sharing responsibilities and benefits. Funding through the competition so that a wide choice of excellent innovative ideas come in from the stakeholders themselves and work with focus, plan, and time frames. Extension Education Institutes(EEIs): 1.Nilokheri in Haryana (1959) 2.Anand in Gujarat (1962) 3.Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh (1962) 4.J...
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National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), (1998):

 Launched by ICAR on June 30, 1998, with the support of the World Bank, to strengthen and complement the existing resources and to augment the output of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS). The major role of this component is: 1) Accelerate the flow of technology from research and extension to farmer. 2) Improve the dissemination of location-specific and sustainability-enhancing technologies. 3) Decentralize technical and decision-making authority to the district level. 4) Create a more effective and financially sustainable public extension system. 5) Step up the privatization of certain technology transfer activities.
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Extension System in India.

 In India there are 4 major organizational streams are working for rural development : 1. ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) institutes and Agriculture Universities. 2. Extension System of Ministry of Agriculture and State Departments of Agriculture. 3. Extension System of Ministry of Rural Development and the State Development Departments. 4. Voluntary organizations, business houses, etc. FIRST-LINE EXTENSION SYSTEM Realizing the scope and importance of integrated working of the interrelationship between research, education and extension functions, the ICAR established a section of Extension Education at its headquarters in 1971 which was later on strengthened and renamed as Division of Agricultural Extension. The programs were as follows: 1. National Demonstration (1964),) 2. Operational Research Project (1974-75), 3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (1974), 4. Lab to Land Programme (1979), 5. Technology Assessment and Refinement (TAR),(1995) 6. Institutional Village Linkage Prog...
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Extension Programme Planning: - Objective, Principle and Steps in Extension Programme Planning.

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 Definitions: – Programme, Planning, Project Planning is a process that involves studying the past and present to forecast the future and in the light of that forecast determining the goals to be achieved and what must be done to reach them. Program is the total educational job being done in a particular setting. A project is a specification of work to be done or procedures to be followed to accomplish a particular objective. Extension Programme: An extension program is a statement of situation, objectives, problems, and solutions. The situation is a statement of affairs that includes the cultural, social, economic, and physical conditions in which a particular group of people finds themselves at a given period of time. Problem is a condition that people after study, with or without help, have decided needs changing. The solution is a course of the proposed action to change an unsatisfactory condition to one that is more satisfying. Aims are generalized and broad statements of dire...
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